How to use readonly vs const vs static in C#

Storing passwords as plain text is dangerous. Instead, you should hash them using a strong, slow hashing algorithm like BCrypt, which includes built-in salting and resistance to brute-force attacks.

Step 1: Install BCrypt NuGet Package

Before using BCrypt, install the BCrypt.Net-Next package:

dotnet add package BCrypt.Net-Next

or via NuGet Package Manager:

Install-Package BCrypt.Net-Next

Step 2: Hash a Password

Use BCrypt.HashPassword() to securely hash a password before storing it:

using BCrypt.Net;

string password = "mySecurePassword123";
string hashedPassword = BCrypt.HashPassword(password);

Console.WriteLine(hashedPassword); // Output: $2a$12$...

Step 3: Verify a Password

To check a user's login attempt, use BCrypt.Verify():

bool isMatch = BCrypt.Verify("mySecurePassword123", hashedPassword);
Console.WriteLine(isMatch); // Output: True

Ensuring proper hashing should be at the top of your list when it comes to building authentication systems.

XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a widely used format for storing and transporting data.

In C#, you can create XML files efficiently using the XmlWriter and XDocument classes. This guide covers both methods with practical examples.

Writing XML Using XmlWriter

XmlWriter provides a fast and memory-efficient way to generate XML files by writing elements sequentially.

Example:

using System;
using System.Xml;

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        using (XmlWriter writer = XmlWriter.Create("person.xml"))
        {
            writer.WriteStartDocument();
            writer.WriteStartElement("Person");

            writer.WriteElementString("FirstName", "John");
            writer.WriteElementString("LastName", "Doe");
            writer.WriteElementString("Age", "30");

            writer.WriteEndElement();
            writer.WriteEndDocument();
        }
        Console.WriteLine("XML file created successfully.");
    }
}

Output (person.xml):

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<Person>
    <FirstName>John</FirstName>
    <LastName>Doe</LastName>
    <Age>30</Age>
</Person>

Writing XML Using XDocument

The XDocument class from LINQ to XML provides a more readable and flexible way to create XML files.

Example:

using System;
using System.Xml.Linq;

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        XDocument doc = new XDocument(
            new XElement("Person",
                new XElement("FirstName", "John"),
                new XElement("LastName", "Doe"),
                new XElement("Age", "30")
            )
        );
        doc.Save("person.xml");
        Console.WriteLine("XML file created successfully.");
    }
}

This approach is ideal for working with complex XML structures and integrating LINQ queries.

When to Use Each Method

• Use XmlWriter when performance is critical and you need to write XML sequentially.
• Use XDocument when you need a more readable, maintainable, and flexible way to manipulate XML.

Conclusion

Writing XML files in C# is straightforward with XmlWriter and XDocument. Choose the method that best suits your needs for performance, readability, and maintainability.

Primary constructors, introduced in C# 12, offer a more concise way to define class parameters and initialize fields.

This feature reduces boilerplate code and makes classes more readable.

Traditional Approach vs Primary Constructor

Before primary constructors, you would likely write something like the following:

public class UserService
{
    private readonly ILogger _logger;
    private readonly IUserRepository _repository;

    public UserService(ILogger logger, IUserRepository repository)
    {
        _logger = logger;
        _repository = repository;
    }

    public async Task<User> GetUserById(int id)
    {
        _logger.LogInformation("Fetching user {Id}", id);
        return await _repository.GetByIdAsync(id);
    }
}

With primary constructors, this becomes:

public class UserService(ILogger logger, IUserRepository repository)
{
    public async Task<User> GetUserById(int id)
    {
        logger.LogInformation("Fetching user {Id}", id);
        return await repository.GetByIdAsync(id);
    }
}

Key Benefits

1. Reduced Boilerplate: No need to declare private fields and write constructor assignments
2. Parameters Available Throughout: Constructor parameters are accessible in all instance methods
3. Immutability by Default: Parameters are effectively readonly without explicit declaration

Real-World Example

Here's a practical example using primary constructors with dependency injection:

public class OrderProcessor(
    IOrderRepository orderRepo,
    IPaymentService paymentService,
    ILogger<OrderProcessor> logger)
{
    public async Task<OrderResult> ProcessOrder(Order order)
    {
        try
        {
            logger.LogInformation("Processing order {OrderId}", order.Id);
            
            var paymentResult = await paymentService.ProcessPayment(order.Payment);
            if (!paymentResult.Success)
            {
                return new OrderResult(false, "Payment failed");
            }

            await orderRepo.SaveOrder(order);
            return new OrderResult(true, "Order processed successfully");
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            logger.LogError(ex, "Failed to process order {OrderId}", order.Id);
            throw;
        }
    }
}

Tips and Best Practices

1. Use primary constructors when the class primarily needs dependencies for its methods
2. Combine with records for immutable data types:

public record Customer(string Name, string Email)
{
    public string FormattedEmail => $"{Name} <{Email}>";
}

3. Consider traditional constructors for complex initialization logic

Primary constructors provide a cleaner, more maintainable way to write C# classes, especially when working with dependency injection and simple data objects.